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Signal Integrity (SI) signifies the signal’s ability to propagate along PCB traces without distortion. Signal integrity is about the quality of the signal passing through a transmission line. In this article, Tim Wang Lee acknowledges some of the designers’ pain points regarding robust PCB design workflow and signal integrity.

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About the presenter:

Tim Wang Lee, signal integrity application scientist, Keysight Technologies.

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Tim Wang Lee: To achieve a robust PCB design workflow consider the following points:

1. Understand possible root causes of signal integrity issues.
2. Create a virtual prototype using Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software.
3. Rely on a dependable manufacturer for layout, fabrication, and assembly and that will be Sierra Circuits.

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Tim: In a traditional design, we fabricate the prototype once we create a design and layout based on our vendor guidance. In the case of a robust design approach, we create a virtual prototype, simulate and validate the prototype after creating the design.

Transient analysis is one of the key aspects to ensure signal integrity in your design. To learn more about it, see Transient Analysis for Non-Sinusoidal Signals.

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Tim: A virtual prototype helps us to troubleshoot and understand the design in an efficient manner. Investing a little more time in creating a virtual prototype gives you a lot in return. It also helps us to achieve better signal integrity. The advantages are summarized in the below image.

The effort is a little higher, but the ability of troubleshooting and performing what-if-analysis increases.

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3 Chapters - 12 Pages - 20 Minute Read

What's Inside:

• Impedance discontinuities
• Crosstalk
• Reflections, ringing, overshoot and undershoot
• Via stubs

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Tim: The signal integrity workflow is as follows:

1. Rules of thumbs estimations – this addresses signal integrity issues
2. Create a virtual prototype
3. 3D extraction
4. Perform what-if-analysis

The workflow diagram is as shown below:

To know more about signal integrity analysis, read our article Unlock Your Signal Integrity Analysis Potential.

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Tim: The rules of thumbs are as follows:

1. 8-7-3 rule:
   • 8dB loss at Nyquist, Eye with 75% UI jitter, 30% height
2. 0.1-0.2 dB/inch/GHz:
   •  0.1-0.2 dB of loss per inch per GHz for transmission line
3. Single-ended 50 ohms (FR4)
   • Microstrip impedance: Width/Height = 2 – width of the trace is twice the substrate height.
   • Stripline impedance: Width/Height = 1 – width of the trace is the same as min of the substrate heights.

4. Differential 100 ohms (FR4):

• • Spacing  = 3W uncoupled ; Differential impedance = 2 times single-ended impedance.
  • Move the traces closer, this decreases differential impedance.

5.     Stub resonance (GHz) for FR4 is 1.5/stub length (inches)

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Tim: Typical specification for the minimum trace width is 6 mils. There are also premium options that give you a trace width lower than 6 mils.

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Tim:  Sierra Circuits offers you a lot of educational content.

You can check out understanding signal integrity article to learn more about signal integrity.

You can also refer to the following resources:

• ADS Signal Integrity Workshop
• PathWave ADS Free Trial
• Videos on simulation and measurement
• How to Solve Signal Integrity Problems: The Basics

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Tim: I will say this design framework will work well especially for corner cases because it is designed not to confine ourselves, but give ourselves flexibilities. Take controlled impedance line designer (shown below) for example, once you know the stack-up, you can vary the substrate material properties or even the conductor roughness. It’s giving you more freedom to explore these edge cases.

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Tim: Yes, for sure. That’s why we use differential traces. If you assume the same kind of noise on the positive trace and the negative trace, when you take the difference, the common noises will cancel each other out because they are common to both.

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Tim: You can always apply these techniques to design at a lower speed. As we’ve seen in the cases when we are scaling up the data rate, the longest allowed transmission line becomes shorter.  If the data rate goes lower, that means you can tolerate a longer line, which means a lower data rate is a bit easier to design, just because the loss is a lower data rate. You can apply all these techniques to lower data rates.

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Tim: With most of the rules of thumb here (shown below), if there’s a requirement for data rate, say for the loss, the rule of thumb will have a frequency term, dB per inch per GHz. As long as you scale your data rate to your Nyquist frequency, all these will work the same for higher data rate, higher speed material, with the caveat that the material property has to be close enough to FR4. If you’re using say silicon, it’s going to be different, but you can always rely on your simulator in that case.

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Tim: You can always get an evaluation license for free. Check PathWave Advanced Design System (ADS) Software to know more about it. As far as pricing goes, we have different bundles that would make it easier for you to perform what you need to do at an affordable price.

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Tim: Yes, the control impedance line tool requires you to have the stack-up.

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Tim: Yes, process variation can be included in the simulation.

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A good PCB layout and design is a complex task with many challenges. Special attention must be paid to ensure the line impedances are carefully matched and the discontinuities are avoided. It is essential to by heart the basics of transmission line theory and to understand the transmission line effects in high-speed PCB design.

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8 Chapters - 115 Pages - 150 Minute Read

What's Inside:

• Explanations of signal integrity issues
• Understanding transmission lines and controlled impedance
• Selection process of high-speed PCB materials
• High-speed layout guidelines

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